Call 2: Discuss the best solution based on stakeholder feedback. Read reviews. Alloy is the Identity Decisioning Platform that helps banks and fintech companies automate their decisions, approve more customers and detect and handle fraudulent activities. AML Consultants in UAE. Compare the best AML software in. The best AML check software offers a comprehensive suite of compliance tools that can be used to detect and prevent money laundering activities. November 14, 2023. Compare and filter by verified product reviews and choose the software that’s right for your organization. AI provides around-the-clock protection, securing crypto exchanges, protocols, and DApps worldwide for several millions of dollars in weekly transaction amounts. 5. Best Fraud Detection Software and Tools in 2023 Top 12 Fraud Detection Software Companies Without further ado, let’s look at our list of the best fraud detection software for the year – including pros, cons, and which problems they solve best. EASE OF USE. from shell companies and offshore accounts to layering,. The number of vendors in the AML landscape is also growing, as more specialist firms enterPricing for Identity Verification Software is typically offered by vendors as a monthly rate ranging from free to a couple hundred dollars a month. Robotic Process Automation Bots and scheduled jobs that are adaptable and controlled to automate tasks. Hoboken, NJ, April 15, 2021 – NICE Actimize, a NICE (Nasdaq: NICE) business, has been ranked by global advisory and consulting firm Quadrant Knowledge Solutions as a Technology Leader in its recently released “SPARK Matrix™ Anti-Money Laundering (AML) Solution, 2021 report. With a highly configurable workflow module, Alessa facilitates collaborative case management and investigation. Crystal provides crypto transaction analysis and monitoring for exchange, bank, and FI AML compliance requirements. Malware infections and data breaches. India. Screening is done via our API utilizing global watch. Reviewed. 6 billion for the same violations in 2020. Global crime networks are continuously devising sophisticated ways to launder illegally earned money. 2 out of 5. The best identity verification software keeps companies up to date seamlessly while protecting transactions. AML software, short for Anti-Money Laundering, enables companies, financial institutions, and banks to conduct KYC, detect suspicious financial activities, and evaluate risks in order to prevent fraud. Kount vs Signifyd Kount vs Whitepages Kount vs LexisNexis See All Alternatives. Anti-Money Laundering Software is more concentrated in terms of top 3 companies’ share of search queries. Application vulnerabilities. Audit Trail. Find the highest rated KYC software pricing, reviews, free demos, trials, and more. We wanted to create AML solutions that were affordable for small and medium-sized organisations. View the best AML software with Behavioral Analytics in 2023. It is one of the most important fair business practices. Anti–Money Laundering (AML) Compliance. Computer Services, Inc (CSI) headquartered in Paducah, offers the WatchDOG suite of financial risk. We help you in choosing the add-ons and support services for the anti-money laundering software. 42. Australia. Best free Anti Money Laundering Software across 28 Anti Money Laundering Software products. It automates and simplifies Identity Verification (IDV), AML (Anti-Money Laundering) and Know Your Customer compliance. Great AML software! PROS. In this comprehensive guide, we will explore the top AML software. ComplyAdvantage. 9% more than the average of search queries in. An effective AML/CFT policy and procedures must be based on the UAE’s existing AML/CFT Laws, Regulations, Notices, and Standards, as well as international best practices and guidance notes from the FATF, MENAFATF, EGMONT Group, and other similar bodies. Check out real reviews verified by Gartner to see how Nice Actimize compares to its competitors and find the best software or service for. – FCC-Financial Crime Compliance Crypto. To this end, a good vendor will work with an AML officer to assess those particular needs and ensure the chosen platform addresses them in the most efficient and effective way. 09% of the global market in 2017, will reach $86. The selected companies operate within the AML KYC software technology market. Find and compare the 2023 best AML software for Mac, using our interactive tool to quickly narrow your choices based on businesses like yours. Get the G2 on the right Anti Money Laundering Software for you. 21, 2016 /PRNewswire/ --. Figure 1: AML statistics | Source: GVS Also, Grand View Search reports that in 2022, the global anti-money laundering market showcased remarkable growth, attaining a significant value of USD 1. write a review. AML software prevents organizations from doing business with fraudulent organizations that may impact their profitability and damage their reputation. Compare the best AML software in India of 2023 for your business. Anti-money laundering (AML) software is a part of RegTech and is extensively deployed in the finance, legal, and commerce sectors to conform to the legal. AML UAE is an AML compliance services provider with a specific focus on the UAE market. net. Compliance violations. KYC stands for Know Your Customer, and it is a regulatoryAite Group sent an RFI to leading vendors in the AML software market to inform this research. These vendors provide a variety of. 0 out of 5. Today's online ID-verify technology integrates with existing AML software and KYC platforms. AML compliance is an increasing challenge for casinos, which are required to follow regulations designed for banks while operating in the busi. Entities like fintechs, real estate agencies, insurance companies, cryptocurrency exchanges, e-commerce and finance companies, ride-sharing platforms,. Anti-money laundering (AML) software is a part of RegTech and is extensively deployed in the finance, legal, and commerce sectors to conform to the legal requirements in financial institutions to mitigate, prevent or uncover money laundering activities. The software should automate a variety of repetitive and mundane tasks, saving time and internal resources. Designed for organisations of all sizes in private and public sectors. FreshBooks. Vendors who bid for placement can be identified by the orange “Visit. Read reviews. Screening is done via our API utilizing global watch. Find the best AML Software for your organization. Complytek. 9%, 14. The company will be making a statement at stand A 147 at the RDS Arena in Dublin, focusing on providing an innovative and efficient solution that is perfect for businesses of all sizes. See reviews of iDenfy, Sumsub, Trulioo and compare free or paid products easily. Now, reduce your compliance workload with automated Sanctions, PEPs, and Adverse Media checks using IDMaml fraud prevention software. 4. Each year, new anti-money laundering rules and regulations are released to tackle fraud, and the software you. 4. KYB (Know Your Business) Compare the best KYC software of 2023 for your business. Visit Website. About us; Our LinkedIn; WhatsApp: +972504938469; Contact: info@gbo-il. Context: managing the human. Top 10 Chargeback Management Software Solutions in 2023 We deep dive into the best software available to combat chargebacks. Find and compare the 2023 best AML Apps for Android, using our interactive tool to quickly narrow your choices based on businesses like yours. SEON is a unique fraud detection management software built to help institutions manage transactions carried out on their platform to prevent fraud. KYC-AML vendors incorporating AI. The ACTICO platform enables companies to. 4 out of 5. ComplyCube is a market leader in identity verification platforms. Top 3 companies receive 88. Top 14 Anti Money Laundering (AML) Software & Tools 2023 List of AML Software &. 3. As risk managers, AML officers must assess the specific needs of their institution and decide which AML software platform will suit it best. It provides companies with the tools to meet legal and regulatory requirements regarding money laundering oversight, the most notable of which is the Bank Secrecy Act (BSA). Oracle AML solutions are active in over 140 countries. 8. The anti-money laundering software market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 15. AML software prevents organizations from doing business with fraudulent organizations that may impact their profitability and damage their reputation. Start using the best anti money laundering training software today! Join EdApp for free, 2. We provide AML Software Selection Services where we help you identify the right sanctions screening AML CDD software, KYC software. Explore SAS fraud and security intelligence solutions. This tool has identity, proxy piercing, and many other tools designed to identify fraud. Get the G2 on the right Anti Money Laundering Software for you. We'll assist you in selecting the AML software that best meets your demands once we've evaluated all of the AML options. Compare verified user ratings & reviews to find the best match for your business size, need & industry. Really great and expansive product. Implementation of Anti-Money Laundering Software: Five Top Considerations 1. Learn more. For risk-averse FIs facing heavy regulatory pressure, using advanced analytics is becomingThe Norwegian anti-money laundering (AML) software company Strise is the winner of the Oslo Innovation Award in 2023. Customers include government, legal, telecoms and financial services. Filter 14 reviews by the users' company size, role or industry to find out how Oracle Financial Crime and Compliance Management works for a business like yours. When evaluating products, ask vendors how often they release updates for their AML software. AML software enable organizations to deploy their AML programs or systems and their practical applications are diverse – ranging from management of transaction data to predictive analysis to machine learning. The company's mission aims to make AML compliance simple, affordable, and effective for all enterprises. Shufti Pro is a top software in the financial industry that offers Identity Verification services with the help of KYC & AML Screening solutions. OneHypernet KYC Screening. ACTICO. SAP tools is a fully integrated product which especially helps to control the risk management or any other unit of any organizations. Workday: Best for employee growth. i-AML Software provides top-notch anti-money laundering solutions, including the best AML software for banks. It uses AI and analytics to identify suspicious customer. Top 3 companies receive 88. S. The software monitors digital payments, card payment transfers, deposits and withdrawals, checks, loan payments, and cyrptocurrency transfers. KYC2020 is a leader in AML compliance technology. 2. Find and compare the 2023 best AML software for small businesses, using our interactive tool to quickly narrow your choices based on businesses like yours. 73% during the forecast period, reaching USD 5032. our online remittance system adds. 1 Increasing Usage of Cognitive ComputingThe vendor management team will just do the heavy lifting associated with some version of the following steps: Define the BSA/AML requirements for the new platform. Shufti pro’s AML services for Indian businesses help identify high-risk clients, improve client onboarding with faster PEP screening, and real-time sanction list monitoring. 1. . Compare the best AML software for Chromebook currently available using the table below. Transaction AI provides real-time, continuous fraud and AML transaction monitoring to help you reduce your risk, save time and money. (11) See all Oracle Financial Crime and Compliance Management Alternatives. Before making our decision, we assess the software's functionality and alignment with your AML needs, installation support, appropriate training, ROI, pricing, and risks. We analyze and monitor blockchain transactions. Check out the G2 Grid® for the top Anti Money Laundering Software products. 1-15 of 15 results. G2 scores products and sellers based on reviews gathered from our user community, as well as data aggregated from online sources and social networks. Compliance Management. 63 Billion in 2021 and is expected to reach USD 5. Outlook of the global anti-money laundering software market. Users also considered. Our tools dramatically reduce both false positives and false negatives, empowering compliance teams to make. 1. We aid you in negotiation with the AML screening software vendor so that you get the best deal out of it and derive value for your AML compliance requirements. 9. The suite of tools includes photo and video identity verification, facial biometric authentication & more. 4. Compliance violations. It supports complex needs with advanced features while keeping the ease of use at its core. 9%, 14. Data sources and coverage: The foundation of any AML and KYC system is its data. Paycor: Best overall. Typically, most vendors will also provide a free trial to users to try out their. Know Your Customer. The Best Onboarding Software of 2023. Top Payment Screening Software Companies 1. Compare and evaluate Anti-Money Laundering (AML) Software vendors using the most in-depth and unbiased buyer reports available. Sanctions screening is integral to compliance with global anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing (AML/CFT) regulations. 1%. It offers an AML program that includes fast, easy, and inexpensive training for US-based financial services companies. KYC/AML Software Solutions, 2020 Market Update and Vendor Landscape. 2 Some of AML Software Vendors and Their Offerings 2. 5%, 15. Sanction Scanner's main objective is to combat financial crimes. Compare the best AML software, read reviews, and learn about pricing and free demos. Top 3 companies receive 88. According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), the estimated amount of total money laundered annually around the world is 2-5% of the global GDP ($800 billion – 2 trillion). 1. The risk of criminal activity has increased as a result of the growing use of ebanking and mobile banking for money transfers, which has sharply increased the demand for AML software among North American financial institutions. AML software can facilitate faster and more accurate compliance and investigations. Find the highest rated KYC software pricing, reviews, free demos, trials, and more. All ratings, reviews and insights for Dow Jones Risk & Compliance. Stay ahead of financial crime and fraudsters, efficiently comply with regulations, and protect your business with industry-leading technology from top KYC AML vendors. Persona provides companies with configurable identity infrastructure for KYC, AML, KYB, fraud detection, onboarding, and more. But add to that a landscape of constantly evolving threats, and it's a lot to keep up with. Find the best AML Software for your organization. We design best-in-class analytics and investigation solutions to make the blockchain transparent for crypto businesses, banks, financial institutions, and government and law agencies. TOP 10 KYC & AML software companies in 2023 themobilereality. All Products. 3 Global Top 10 and Top 5 Largest Manufacturers of AML Software in 2022 4. Compared to other Finance categories, Anti-Money Laundering Software is more concentrated in terms of top 3 companies’ share of search queries. Not all identity verification software vendors will be a good match for you. See how Alloy can help protect your company. Top 10 alternatives to Actimize includes FICO Tonbeller, Trulioo, RiskScreen, Clarus, Digital iD, ACAMS, ComplyAdvantage, TurnKey Lender, Jumio AND Veriff. 4. See full list on seon. Alloy is the Identity Decisioning Platform that helps banks and fintech companies automate their decisions, approve more customers and outmaneuver fraud. Top 10 Companies in the Anti-Money Laundering Market by Revenue. Download free comprehensive 40+ page reports to select the. Review the market for products that have the features and functions to meet the BSA team’s requirements. Vendors who have paid for placement have a ‘Visit Website’ button, whereas unpaid vendors have a ‘Learn More’ button. Top 3 companies receive 88. Hosted on our WatchDOG Elite platform, CSI’s web-based sanction screening services streamline and consolidate the watch list screening process by combining an advanced search algorithm with the latest technology, resulting in fewer false positives for your staff to handle. Financial fraud case management and detection. Review of SAS Anti-Money Laundering Software: system overview, features, price and cost information. List of 20 Best AML Software Showing 1 - 20 of 36 products Category Champions | 2023 Trulioo SaaS-based product to eliminate money laundering 5. 5%, 15. . Analyst Report Matrix: Leading Fraud & AML Machine Learning Platforms SAS is a best-in-class vendor in the most recent Datos Insights report, Matrix: Leading Fraud &. Find out appropriate AML Software Vendors. ComplyCube. Compared to other Finance categories, Anti-Money Laundering Software is more concentrated in terms of top 3 companies’ share of search queries. 4 out of 5. AML compliance is a fundamental requirement for regulated entities, such as banks, financial and money service businesses. The goAML is a fully integrated software developed by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) to be used by financial intelligence units across the world to curb money laundering and terrorist financing. Founded in 2015, Token of Trust Identity Verification is an online merchant dealing with high-risk ecommerce, KYC/AML/CDD compliance requirements, consumer data privacy laws, and global users. IDENTANCE offers a way to check fraud by verifying users quickly and easily. Horizon Globex: Globex is a global blockchain securities solutions provider. Verification of more than 3000 types of identity documents and assessing associated risks by credit/debit card. AnChain. KYC software is a crucial tool for verifying the identity and compliance of your customers. 72% Enterprise. 9% more. Reporting/Analytics. We analyze and monitor blockchain transactions. Choose Smart KYC Software Vendors for Smarter Business Operations. Azentio Software (“Azentio”), a Singapore-headquartered technology firm owned by funds advised by Apax Partners, has announced that it has won the Best Anti-Money Laundering Solution Award at the India Fraud Risk Management Summit & Awards 2023. law to implement anti-money laundering (AML) processes. Unit21 is a customisable and flexible no-code platform for all kinds of compliance and risk management operations. ai (part of iSPIRAL) is a regulatory technology software provider delivering state-of-art AML, KYC, Risk and Compliance solutions. 17% Small-Business. AML software, short for Anti-Money Laundering, enables companies, financial institutions, and banks to conduct KYC, detect suspicious financial activities, and evaluate risks in order to prevent fraud. With a single vendor managing all aspects of AML compliance, financial institutions have better visibility into potential risks and vulnerabilities and can take a more proactive approach to risk management. AML products help financial institutions and other regulated entities detect suspicious activity effectively, quickly, and more accurately. GSLFX. 0 out of 5. AML-TRACE compliance suite is a trusted anti-money laundering software by SMART Infotech set up in 2011. Find the highest rated AML software pricing, reviews, free demos, trials, and more. Unit21. As per the UNODC, more than 50 Financial Intelligence Units around the world are part of the system at present. Shufti Pro uses FATF, EU, OFAC, HMT, Interpol, and other relevant watch lists in the provision of its AML services. RegTech KYB (Know Your Business) Compare the best AML software of 2023 for your business. View Profile. Here are some of the top anti-money-laundering products available today. New Curacao Gaming License Cost in 2022 – Best price guarantee Shufti Pro. Call 3: Identify requirements. Vendors who bid for placement can be. In addition, the region. 1. Compare. Many of ARC Risk and Compliance’s team helped pioneer AML technology in the industry. 00 per verification request or successful verification. Companies Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans Table 19. Scorechain Blockchain Analytics Suite covers. Persona offers a best-in-class unified identity platform that gives businesses the building blocks they need to design and manage fully customizable KYC, AML, KYB, and identity verification programs across 200+ countries. Workflows and Case Management for Flagged Transactions. 1 Industry Overview 3. This is definitely positive momentum. ai. When your AML software is hosted with a secure vendor, they will handle all upgrades and service packs with seamless updates to your AML systems. Here are five top considerations. See Software. Money launderers are targeting law. This feature allows you to confirm the identity of your customers using data sources like government ID databases, social media , and public records. Analyst Report Chartis RiskTech Quadrant for Trade-Based AML Solutions 2022 SAS is named a category leader in the Chartis RiskTech Quadrant for Trade-Based AML Solutions, 2022. KYC2020 offers global watchlist data, screening, and decisioning solutions for more than 250 customers around the world. KYC2020. Scorechain Blockchain. Identity verification is a must-have for any KYC and AML solution. Cryptocurrency companies today prioritize using AML tools provided by AML platforms as lawmakers are becoming more strict regarding the law compliance of the crypto industry. As legislation. All the financial crime-fighting power you need in one AML case management platform. IBM OpenPages, SAP GRC, RSA Archer, and MetricStream are among the most prominent compliance software vendors. 10. . Reporting/Analytics. While onboarding times will vary based on the complexity of the implementation and specific client requirements, there are steps vendors can take to make this smoother. In the highly competitive AML/CTF Compliance category, Napier emerged as the winner for its Intelligent Compliance Platform (ICP), a suite of. We also help draft the agreement between the client and the software vendor to ensure that our client gets the best deal and the maximum value is derived from the solution in the AML compliance journey. Context: managing the human. At Lucinity, we use Human AI to explain AI findings so that every compliance professional can take on. It is designed to provide an efficient and cost effective solution, allowing companies to stay compliant with the latest regulations. User Satisfaction. January 10, 2022. Shufti Pro is one of the best KYC software providers in the market and is known for its Know Your Customer (KYC) compliance capabilities. By providing a secure, trustworthy, and streamlined verification process, it not only facilitates but also. 3 Acumatica Cloud ERP. OVERALL RATING: 5. Compare the best AML Software in the UK. AMLYZE is a Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) Anti-Financial Crime solution offering different modules for real-time and retrospective transaction monitoring, customer risk scoring, case management and sanctions, PEPs, adverse media screening. While onboarding times will vary based on the complexity of the implementation and specific client requirements, there are steps vendors can take to make this smoother. Learn more about Ondato. 4. Refinitiv World-Check Risk Intelligence. When it recognizes an exception to “rules” for predictable behaviors, the system automatically creates a case. 38 million in 2022 and is expected to expand at a CAGR of 14. Screen against U. Find the highest rated AML software in Brazil pricing, reviews, free demos, trials, and more. The anti-money laundering (AML) software market is a subset of the software industry that provides financial institutions and other enterprises with tools for preventing, spotting, and disclosing. BambooHR: Best for customization. See ratings and reviews from verified users and get access to a free trial or demo. Actico is a top provider of AML software that detects suspicious behavior and alarming signs in payment operations. G2 Grid® for Anti Money Laundering. Vespia is an all-in-one KYB/ AML platform powered by AI. 5 products write a review iSPIRAL iSPIRAL is a leading regulatory technology software provider delivering state-of-art AML, KYC, Risk and Compliance solutions. Find the best AML/KYC Software companies for your business. Application vulnerabilities. Identify risks that could impact your strategic objectives, business functions, and services. Compliance Management. The range of products provided by the company includes Tokenetics, CustodyWare, KYCWare, and AML Cop. Celent's anti-money laundering vendor evaluation reports have become something of a de facto standard, used by financial institutions and regulators. 8 (16) Visit Website. Other Top Recommended Accounting Software. Trust i-AML Software for reliable and effective AML solutions. Integrating KYC solutions into existing customer systems will help streamline the onboarding process and reduce the risks associated with accepting new customers. It saves compliance resources and data management, and provides real-time remote access to customers. AML case management technology supports AML analysts in resolving cases with suspicious behavior effectively and efficiently. The global Anti Money Laundering (AML) Software market size was valued at USD 2206. Outsourcing is the best option for those looking for cost-effective, time-saving, and business-oriented AML software development. Mahmud emphasized three practical areas firms can consider in. The immersive solution helps to protect companies from potential issues with onboarding new customers through a simple API and easy-to-use dashboard. PUNE, Feb. ComplyCube is a market leader in identity verification platforms. Recognized as one of the top AML software vendors, Shufti Pro harnesses cutting-edge technology, incorporating features such as biometric facial recognition, nuanced liveness detection, and sophisticated anti-spoofing techniques. 5% more. Ondato. Compare verified user ratings & reviews to find the best match for your business size, need & industry. Discover the best AML Software for your organisation. Fraud Detection. 7 (6) Cloud-based financial risk assessment and management tool. Compared to other Finance categories, Anti-Money Laundering Software is more concentrated in terms of top 3 companies’ share of search queries. KYC2020. 4. Excellent tool for all money laundering issues. Accordingly, they are subject to BSA reporting, recordkeeping and AML program requirements. Transaction AI provides real-time, continuous fraud and AML transaction monitoring to help you reduce your risk, save time and money. 01% during the forecast period. In contrast, financial institutions were fined $10. Sponsored: Sorts listings by software vendors running active bidding campaigns, from the highest to lowest bid. In addition, the best AML software will recognize other risk factors, such as deposits and suspicious spending. AML and KYC tools: Companies in finance and banking need their customers to pass both KYC and AML checks. Check out the G2 Grid® for the top Anti Money Laundering Software products. Nov 09, 22. The report predicts the current global $450 million AML software market “will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9 percent over the next few years, reaching $690 million in 2015. An effective anti-money laundering, counter terrorism financing and sanctions compliance program also requires the ability to conduct initial and ongoing screening and monitoring of clients and partners for any indications of signs or “red flags” associated with suspicious transactions. Scorechain is specialized in blockchain analytics and crypto compliance tools and helps worldwide companies comply with AML regulations on crypto-assets. We design best-in-class analytics and investigation solutions to make the blockchain transparent for crypto businesses, banks, financial institutions, and government and law agencies. It is a great tool to detect money laundering early in the stage and minimize the risk while providing excellent customer service. ComplyCube. 5% more than the average of search queries in. The AML platform uses advanced technology and sophisticated algorithms that helps to detect suspicious activities which helps to identify and prevent money laundering activities quickly. Top AML Software Players in United States Market, Ranking by Revenue (2021) Table 20. See side-by-side comparisons of product capabilities, customer experience, pros and cons, and reviewer demographics to find the best fit for your. Scorechain Blockchain. AML software, short for Anti-Money Laundering, enables companies, financial institutions, and banks to conduct KYC, detect suspicious financial activities, and evaluate risks in order to prevent fraud. 086 billion in 2028 from US$1. Filter by price, feature or user rating to make software selection fast and easy. 1. The global anti-money laundering software market size was USD 1. Compare case studies, success stories, & testimonials from the top AML/KYC Software vendors. Page 2 results. According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), the estimated amount of total money laundered annually around the world is 2-5% of the global GDP ($800 billion – 2 trillion). 2 out of 5. Best free Anti Money Laundering Software across 28 Anti Money Laundering Software products. Application vulnerabilities. 1 Industry Overview 3. The suite of tools includes photo and video identity verification, facial biometric authentication & more. Best Practices for AML Software Implementation 1. The Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council (FFIEC) recently issued a joint statement regarding security in a cloud computing environment citing. Compare the best AML software in Australia of 2023 for your business. 7 million. The global Anti Money Laundering (AML) Software market size in 2022 is XX million US dollars, and it is expected to be XX million US dollars by 2031, with a compound annual growth rate of XX. AML software vendors. Transaction AI provides real-time, continuous fraud and AML transaction monitoring to help you reduce your risk, save time and money. Ensure that your compliance partner offers comprehensive data sources that are truly global. This feature allows you to confirm the identity of your customers using data sources like government ID databases, social media , and public records. Filter 14 reviews by the users' company size, role or industry to find out how Oracle Financial Crime and Compliance Management works for a. ….